Exploring the Evolution of Civil Law in Bangladesh

Introduction

The legal system of Bangladesh is primarily based on the civil law tradition, which was established during the British colonial era. Civil law refers to the body of law that deals with private matters such as contracts, property, and personal injury, as opposed to criminal law which deals with offenses against the state.

Understanding the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh is important because it provides insights into the country’s legal system and its historical, social, and cultural contexts. The study of civil law in Bangladesh also sheds light on the challenges and criticisms of the legal system, and suggests ways to improve it.

In this article, we will explore the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh, starting from the British colonial era to the present day. We will examine the historical, political, and legal factors that have shaped the civil law system in Bangladesh, and discuss recent developments and challenges. Finally, we will consider the implications of understanding the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh, and explore future prospects for the country’s legal system.

Definition of civil law

Civil law is a legal system that deals with the private rights and obligations of individuals, organizations, and other legal entities. It encompasses laws governing contracts, property, family matters, torts (personal injury), and other areas that involve disputes between private parties.

The civil law system is based on codes or statutes that set out general principles and rules to be applied by courts in resolving disputes. In civil law countries, judges are generally bound by the text of the law and must apply it to the facts of the case before them. Civil law is often contrasted with common law, which is a legal system based on judicial decisions and precedents, rather than statutes.

In Bangladesh, civil law is a prominent legal system that governs private disputes and transactions. The civil law system in Bangladesh is heavily influenced by the British colonial legacy and is based on a mixture of British common law and local customary laws.

Historical context of civil law in Bangladesh

The historical context of civil law in Bangladesh can be traced back to the British colonial era, when the British East India Company established its presence in the region. The British introduced a legal system based on English common law and the Indian Penal Code of 1860, which applied to criminal matters.

In civil matters, the British introduced a system of law based on local customs and traditions, which were codified in various laws and regulations. For example, the Bengal Regulations of 1793 and 1795 established rules for land tenure and revenue collection, while the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 regulated the relationship between landlords and tenants in Bengal.

After the partition of India in 1947, Bangladesh became part of Pakistan, and the legal system continued to be based on English common law and local customs. However, there were some efforts to modernize the legal system and create a unified civil code for Pakistan. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1962 introduced Islamic principles into family law matters for Muslims in Pakistan.

After Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971, the country adopted a constitution that established a civil law system based on the principles of democracy, human rights, and social justice. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the Evidence Act, 1872 were retained as the primary civil laws, and various amendments have been made to these laws over time.

Today, the civil law system in Bangladesh is a blend of English common law, Islamic law, and local customary laws, with a focus on protecting individual rights and promoting justice.

Importance of exploring the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh

Exploring the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh is important for several reasons:

1. Understanding the legal system: Studying the historical context and development of civil law in Bangladesh helps in understanding the current legal system and how it operates. It provides insights into the sources of law, the role of the judiciary, and the legal institutions that have shaped the system over time.
2. Identifying challenges and criticisms: By examining the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh, it is possible to identify the challenges and criticisms faced by the legal system. This can help in developing strategies to address these issues and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the legal system.
3. Developing solutions: Understanding the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh can also help in developing solutions to improve the legal system. By learning from the successes and failures of the past, it is possible to develop new laws and policies that are better suited to the needs of the society.
4. Promoting access to justice: Exploring the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh is also important for promoting access to justice. By understanding the legal system and its history, it is possible to develop legal aid programs and other initiatives that can help individuals and communities to better understand their legal rights and navigate the legal system.
5. Promoting democracy and human rights: Civil law is a fundamental pillar of democracy and human rights. By exploring the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh, it is possible to promote these values and ensure that the legal system is fair, just, and equitable for all members of society.

The Pre-Independence Era

The pre-independence era in Bangladesh saw the establishment of the civil law system by the British colonial rulers. The British introduced a legal system based on English common law and local customs and traditions, which were codified in various laws and regulations.

One of the most significant laws introduced during this era was the Bengal Regulations of 1793 and 1795, which established rules for land tenure and revenue collection. These regulations were followed by other laws such as the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, which regulated the relationship between landlords and tenants in Bengal, and the Transfer of Property Act of 1882, which regulated the transfer of property.

The British also introduced a system of courts to administer civil law. The courts were organized into different tiers, with the District Court being the lowest and the High Court being the highest. The courts were staffed by British judges and Indian lawyers, and they applied the laws introduced by the British colonial government.

During this era, there was a growing awareness of the need for legal reform, and there were some attempts to modernize the legal system. For example, the Indian Contract Act of 1872 introduced new principles of contract law that were based on English common law. Similarly, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 introduced rules of evidence that were modeled on English law.

However, the legal system during the pre-independence era was criticized for being elitist, inaccessible to the common people, and for not adequately reflecting local customs and traditions. Nonetheless, the legal system established during this era served as the foundation for the civil law system that exists in Bangladesh today.

British colonial rule and the influence on civil law

British colonial rule had a significant influence on civil law in Bangladesh. The British introduced a legal system based on English common law and local customs and traditions, which were codified in various laws and regulations. This legal system was implemented through the establishment of courts, including the District Court and the High Court.

The British introduced various laws that regulated civil matters, such as land tenure, property transfer, and contracts. Some of the most significant laws introduced during this period include the Bengal Regulations of 1793 and 1795, the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, and the Transfer of Property Act of 1882.

The British also introduced new principles of law through legislation such as the Indian Contract Act of 1872 and the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. These laws were based on English common law and introduced new concepts that were previously unknown in local legal systems.

The British colonial legal system was criticized for being elitist and inaccessible to the common people. It was also criticized for not adequately reflecting local customs and traditions. Nonetheless, the legal system established during the British colonial period served as the foundation for the civil law system that exists in Bangladesh today.

Today, the civil law system in Bangladesh is a blend of English common law, Islamic law, and local customary laws, with a focus on protecting individual rights and promoting justice. The British colonial period had a significant impact on the development of civil law in Bangladesh, and its legacy is still evident in the legal system today.

The Bengal Regulations and the Civil Procedure Code of 1859

The Bengal Regulations and the Civil Procedure Code of 1859 were significant legal documents that helped shape civil law in Bangladesh during the British colonial period.

The Bengal Regulations, introduced in 1793 and 1795, were a set of rules that established the rights and obligations of landlords and tenants in Bengal. The regulations were meant to address the problem of landlessness and establish a revenue system for the East India Company. They were the first comprehensive set of land regulations in British India, and they codified many of the customs and practices that had previously governed land tenure in Bengal.

The regulations were criticized for being biased towards landlords and for not adequately protecting the rights of tenants. However, they were also seen as an important step towards the development of a modern legal system in India.

The Civil Procedure Code of 1859 was another significant legal document introduced during the British colonial period. It established the rules and procedures for civil litigation in British India, including in Bengal. The code was based on English civil procedure, but it also took into account local customs and traditions.

The code introduced a number of important concepts, such as the idea of judicial discretion and the principle of natural justice. It also established a hierarchy of courts, with the District Court being the lowest and the High Court being the highest. The code was subsequently revised and updated several times, and it continues to form the basis of civil procedure in Bangladesh today.

Both the Bengal Regulations and the Civil Procedure Code of 1859 had a significant impact on the development of civil law in Bangladesh during the British colonial period. They helped establish a legal system that was based on English common law and local customs and traditions, and they laid the foundation for the civil law system that exists in Bangladesh today.

The Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885

The Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was a significant law introduced during the British colonial period in India, including what is now Bangladesh. The act was enacted to regulate the relationship between landlords and tenants in Bengal, with the goal of protecting the rights of tenants who were often vulnerable to exploitation by landlords.

Before the Bengal Tenancy Act, landlords in Bengal had extensive powers over their tenants, including the ability to evict them without notice or compensation. The act sought to address this imbalance of power by providing tenants with more legal protections and rights.

Under the Bengal Tenancy Act, tenants were given more secure tenures, and their rights to use the land and make improvements to it were recognized. The act also provided for a system of rent control, which limited the amount of rent that landlords could charge their tenants.

The Bengal Tenancy Act was a significant step towards protecting the rights of tenants and regulating the relationship between landlords and tenants in Bengal. It was also an important precursor to land reform laws that were introduced in the post-independence period in Bangladesh.

Despite its significance, the Bengal Tenancy Act was criticized for not going far enough in protecting the rights of tenants. Many tenants still faced exploitation and discrimination, and the act did not address broader issues of landlessness and poverty in Bengal. Nonetheless, the act was an important milestone in the evolution of civil law in Bangladesh and helped establish a legal framework for the regulation of land tenure and landlord-tenant relationships.

The Post-Independence Era

After gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh adopted a new Constitution that established a democratic and secular state. The Constitution included provisions for the protection of individual rights and freedoms, including the right to equality before the law, the right to freedom of speech and expression, and the right to property.

In the post-independence era, Bangladesh implemented significant reforms to its legal system, including civil law. These reforms were aimed at promoting justice, protecting individual rights, and modernizing the legal system to reflect the needs and aspirations of the new nation.

One of the most significant legal reforms introduced during this period was the establishment of the Code of Civil Procedure in 1908. This code replaced the Civil Procedure Code of 1859 and introduced new procedures for civil litigation, including the introduction of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.

Another significant legal reform was the enactment of the Bangladesh Civil Courts Act of 1984, which established a new hierarchy of civil courts and increased the jurisdiction of the lower courts. The act also established a new system of judicial administration and introduced new procedures for the appointment and training of judges.

In addition to these reforms, Bangladesh also introduced new laws and regulations that reflected the changing needs of the society. For example, the Bangladesh Women’s Development Policy of 1997 established new legal protections for women, including provisions for the prevention of violence against women and the promotion of gender equality.

Overall, the post-independence era was a period of significant legal reform in Bangladesh, with a focus on promoting justice, protecting individual rights, and modernizing the legal system to reflect the needs and aspirations of the new nation. These reforms helped shape the current civil law system in Bangladesh and continue to play an important role in promoting the rule of law and protecting the rights of all citizens.

The Constitution of Bangladesh and the establishment of a civil law system

The Constitution of Bangladesh, adopted in 1972, established the foundation for the civil law system in Bangladesh. The Constitution provides the legal framework for the country, establishing the basic principles of governance, the structure of government, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

One of the key provisions of the Constitution is the separation of powers, which establishes a system of checks and balances between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. This separation of powers is fundamental to the rule of law and ensures that no one branch of government has too much power.

The Constitution also includes provisions for the protection of fundamental rights, including the right to equality before the law, the right to a fair trial, and the right to property. These provisions are essential to the functioning of a civil law system and ensure that individuals are protected from arbitrary or unjust treatment by the government or other individuals.

The Constitution also establishes a system of courts in Bangladesh, including the Supreme Court, which is the highest court in the land. The Constitution provides for the independence of the judiciary, which is essential to the functioning of a civil law system. It ensures that judges are free to make decisions based on the law and the facts of the case, without interference from the government or other outside sources.

Overall, the Constitution of Bangladesh is a critical component of the country’s civil law system. It establishes the basic principles of governance, the structure of government, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and provides the legal framework for the functioning of the legal system in Bangladesh.

The Code of Civil Procedure of 1908 and its impact on civil law

The Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) of 1908 is a key component of the civil law system in Bangladesh. The CPC established a set of rules and procedures for civil litigation, providing a framework for resolving disputes between individuals, businesses, and other entities.

The CPC introduced a number of important innovations to the legal system in Bangladesh. For example, it established a system of alternative dispute resolution, including arbitration and mediation, as a means of resolving disputes outside of the court system. This has helped to reduce the burden on the courts and provide a more efficient and cost-effective means of resolving disputes.

The CPC also introduced new procedures for the management of civil cases, including the use of pre-trial conferences, discovery, and other mechanisms for streamlining the litigation process. These innovations have helped to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the civil justice system in Bangladesh.

In addition, the CPC established new rules for the enforcement of judgments, providing for a range of remedies for parties who have successfully litigated a civil case. These remedies include injunctions, specific performance, and damages, among others. The availability of these remedies has helped to ensure that parties are able to obtain meaningful relief when their rights have been violated.

Overall, the Code of Civil Procedure of 1908 has had a significant impact on civil law in Bangladesh. It has helped to establish a clear and transparent framework for the resolution of civil disputes, while also promoting efficiency and fairness in the litigation process. The CPC remains an important component of the civil law system in Bangladesh to this day.

The Evidence Act of 1872 and its relevance in modern civil law

The Evidence Act of 1872 is a critical piece of legislation that remains highly relevant in modern civil law in Bangladesh. The Act governs the admissibility and evaluation of evidence in civil cases, establishing a framework for the collection, presentation, and examination of evidence.

One of the key provisions of the Evidence Act is the requirement that evidence must be relevant to the case in question in order to be admissible. This helps to ensure that the evidence presented is directly related to the issues at hand and is not being used to unduly influence the outcome of the case.

The Act also establishes rules for the examination of witnesses, including the use of leading questions and the right to cross-examination. These rules help to ensure that witnesses are able to provide accurate and reliable testimony, while also ensuring that the parties to the case have the opportunity to challenge the evidence presented.

Another important feature of the Evidence Act is its provisions for the use of documentary evidence. The Act establishes rules for the admission of documents as evidence, including requirements for the authentication and verification of documents.

Overall, the Evidence Act of 1872 remains highly relevant in modern civil law in Bangladesh. Its provisions provide a critical framework for the collection and presentation of evidence, ensuring that the courts are able to make decisions based on accurate and reliable information. The Act helps to ensure that civil litigation in Bangladesh is fair, transparent, and efficient, and remains an essential component of the country’s civil law system.

Recent Developments in Civil Law

In recent years, there have been a number of important developments in civil law in Bangladesh. These developments have been aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the legal system, while also enhancing the protection of individual rights and interests.

One of the key developments has been the introduction of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as mediation and arbitration. These mechanisms provide a means of resolving disputes outside of the court system, which can be time-consuming and expensive. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can help to reduce the burden on the courts, while also providing parties with a more efficient and cost-effective means of resolving their disputes.

Another important development has been the introduction of technology in the legal system. The use of electronic filing systems, for example, has helped to streamline the litigation process and make it easier for parties to file documents and access information. The introduction of video conferencing and other remote communication technologies has also helped to improve access to justice, particularly for individuals living in remote or underserved areas.

In addition, there have been efforts to modernize and reform laws related to property rights, family law, and other areas of civil law. These reforms have been aimed at enhancing the protection of individual rights and interests, while also ensuring that the legal system is responsive to the needs of the people.

Overall, these recent developments in civil law in Bangladesh are aimed at promoting fairness, efficiency, and transparency in the legal system, while also enhancing the protection of individual rights and interests.

Amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure and other laws

Over the years, there have been several amendments made to the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) and other laws related to civil law in Bangladesh. These amendments have been aimed at improving the efficiency of the legal system, ensuring greater access to justice, and enhancing the protection of individual rights.

One notable amendment to the CPC was made in 2003, which introduced a number of important reforms to the civil justice system. These included the establishment of a fast-track court system for certain types of civil cases, the introduction of case management procedures to streamline the litigation process, and the introduction of mechanisms for the enforcement of judgments, such as garnishment and attachment.

Another significant amendment to civil law in Bangladesh was made in 2018, with the passage of the Bangladesh Personal Data Protection Act. This law establishes a framework for the protection of personal data in Bangladesh, ensuring that individuals have greater control over their personal information and that data controllers are held accountable for any misuse of that information.

In addition, there have been amendments made to laws related to property rights, family law, and other areas of civil law. For example, the Transfer of Property Act was amended in 2019 to simplify the process of transferring property and to address issues related to the registration and management of land records.

Overall, these amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure and other laws related to civil law in Bangladesh are aimed at enhancing the efficiency, fairness, and effectiveness of the legal system. They are also aimed at ensuring that the legal system is responsive to the needs of the people and that individual rights and interests are protected.

Landmark court cases that have shaped civil law in Bangladesh

There have been several landmark court cases in Bangladesh that have played a significant role in shaping civil law in the country. Here are some of the most notable ones:

1. Bangladesh v. Abdul Majid: This case, heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in 1988, established the principle of judicial review in Bangladesh. The court held that the judiciary had the power to review the actions of the executive branch of government, ensuring greater accountability and protecting the rights of individuals.
2. Anwar Hossain Chowdhury v. Bangladesh: This case, heard by the High Court Division of the Supreme Court in 1989, established the principle of separation of powers in Bangladesh. The court held that the judiciary had the power to review the actions of the legislative branch of government, ensuring that laws were consistent with the constitution and protecting the rights of individuals.
3. Ain o Salish Kendra v. Government of Bangladesh: This case, heard by the High Court Division of the Supreme Court in 1999, established the right to information as a fundamental right in Bangladesh. The court held that individuals had the right to access information held by public authorities, ensuring greater transparency and accountability in government.
4. Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association v. Government of Bangladesh: This case, heard by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in 1999, established the principle of public interest litigation in Bangladesh. The court held that individuals and organizations had the right to bring cases on behalf of the public interest, ensuring that the government was held accountable for its actions and protecting the rights of individuals and communities.
5. Bangladesh v. Dr. Muhammad Yunus: This case, heard by the High Court Division of the Supreme Court in 2011, established the principle of due process in Bangladesh. The court held that individuals had the right to a fair and impartial trial, ensuring that the government could not arbitrarily deprive individuals of their rights and protecting the rule of law.

These landmark court cases have played a significant role in shaping civil law in Bangladesh, ensuring that the legal system is responsive to the needs of the people and protecting individual rights and interests.

The impact of globalization on civil law in Bangladesh

Globalization has had a significant impact on civil law in Bangladesh, influencing both the substance of the law and the way it is enforced. Here are some of the ways in which globalization has impacted civil law in Bangladesh:

1. Commercial law: As Bangladesh has become more integrated into the global economy, there has been a growing need for the country’s legal system to address issues related to commercial law, such as international trade, intellectual property rights, and foreign investment. This has led to the adoption of new laws and regulations, such as the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority Act and the Intellectual Property Rights Act, which are aimed at promoting economic development and protecting the rights of investors and entrepreneurs.
2. Human rights law: Globalization has also had an impact on human rights law in Bangladesh, with a growing awareness of international human rights standards and an increased demand for greater protection of individual rights. This has led to the adoption of new laws and regulations, such as the Women and Children Repression Prevention Act and the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act, which are aimed at addressing issues such as gender-based violence and discrimination.
3. Access to justice: Globalization has also had an impact on access to justice in Bangladesh, with a growing demand for greater transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the legal system. This has led to the adoption of new procedures and mechanisms for resolving disputes, such as alternative dispute resolution and online dispute resolution, which are aimed at making the legal system more accessible and responsive to the needs of the people.
4. Legal education: Finally, globalization has had an impact on legal education in Bangladesh, with a growing demand for lawyers and legal professionals who are familiar with international legal standards and the legal systems of other countries. This has led to the development of new legal education programs and partnerships with foreign universities, which are aimed at providing students with a global perspective on the law and preparing them for careers in an increasingly interconnected world.

Overall, globalization has had a significant impact on civil law in Bangladesh, influencing both the substance of the law and the way it is enforced. While there are challenges associated with these changes, they also present opportunities for the legal system to become more responsive, efficient, and effective in meeting the needs of the people.

Criticisms and Challenges of the Civil Law System in Bangladesh

The civil law system in Bangladesh faces several criticisms and challenges, including a backlog of cases, corruption, limited access to justice, outdated laws and regulations, and a lack of transparency and accountability. These challenges pose significant obstacles to the effectiveness and accessibility of the legal system, particularly for marginalized and vulnerable communities. Addressing these issues will require sustained effort and commitment from the government, legal professionals, civil society, and other stakeholders to ensure that justice is accessible to all citizens.

Criticisms of the civil law system in Bangladesh

The civil law system in Bangladesh has faced several criticisms over the years, including:

1. Lengthy legal proceedings: One of the most significant criticisms of the civil law system in Bangladesh is the delay in legal proceedings, which can take years to complete. This delay can result in a backlog of cases and make it challenging for people to access justice in a timely manner.
2. Lack of transparency: Another criticism of the civil law system in Bangladesh is the lack of transparency in the judicial process. Some people argue that the system is opaque, and there is a lack of clear guidelines for how decisions are made.
3. Corruption: Corruption is another significant challenge in the civil law system in Bangladesh, and it can affect every aspect of the legal process. There have been allegations of bribes being paid to judges, lawyers, and court officials, which can undermine the integrity of the legal system.
4. Inadequate legal representation: Many people in Bangladesh do not have access to adequate legal representation, which can be a significant barrier to accessing justice. There is a shortage of qualified lawyers, particularly in rural areas, and many people cannot afford to hire legal representation.
5. Limited access to justice: Despite efforts to improve access to justice in Bangladesh, there are still significant barriers to accessing the legal system, particularly for marginalized communities. Some people argue that the legal system is inaccessible to those who cannot afford legal representation or who live in remote areas.

Overall, while the civil law system in Bangladesh has made significant progress since its inception, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to ensure that the system is effective and accessible to all. Addressing these challenges will require a sustained effort from all stakeholders, including the government, legal professionals, and civil society.

Challenges faced by the civil law system in Bangladesh

The civil law system in Bangladesh faces several challenges that impact its effectiveness and accessibility. Some of the key challenges include:

1. Backlog of cases: The civil law system in Bangladesh faces a backlog of cases, which can result in lengthy delays in the resolution of disputes. This backlog is due to a shortage of judges, court staff, and resources to handle the number of cases that come before the courts.
2. Lack of transparency: There are concerns about the lack of transparency in the civil law system in Bangladesh, particularly around the appointment and promotion of judges. Some argue that these processes are not transparent, and there is a lack of accountability for the decisions made by judges.
3. Corruption: Corruption is a significant challenge in the civil law system in Bangladesh, and it can undermine the integrity of the legal system. There have been reports of bribes being paid to judges, lawyers, and court officials, which can affect the outcome of cases.
4. Limited access to justice: Many people in Bangladesh do not have access to justice due to poverty, lack of education, and geographic barriers. The cost of legal representation is often prohibitive, and many people are unable to navigate the legal system without assistance.
5. Inadequate legal education: The quality of legal education in Bangladesh has been criticized, with some arguing that it does not adequately prepare lawyers and judges for the legal profession. This can result in a shortage of competent legal professionals and a lack of consistency in the application of the law.
6. Limited use of technology: The civil law system in Bangladesh has been slow to adopt new technologies, which can hinder its effectiveness and efficiency. For example, many courts still rely on manual record-keeping and filing systems, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors.

Overall, these challenges can make it difficult for the civil law system in Bangladesh to provide effective and accessible justice to all citizens. Addressing these challenges will require a concerted effort from the government, legal professionals, civil society, and other stakeholders.

Proposed solutions to improve the civil law system in Bangladesh

Improving the civil law system in Bangladesh will require a range of solutions that address the challenges faced by the system. Some potential solutions include:

1. Increasing resources: The government can increase funding and resources for the legal system, including hiring more judges and court staff and investing in technology to improve efficiency.
2. Enhancing transparency and accountability: The government can establish transparent and accountable systems for the appointment and promotion of judges and court officials. This can include publicizing the criteria for appointments and promotions and establishing mechanisms for complaints and appeals.
3. Addressing corruption: The government can take steps to address corruption in the legal system, including strengthening anti-corruption laws and mechanisms for reporting and investigating corruption.
4. Improving access to justice: The government can take steps to improve access to justice, including providing legal aid services for those who cannot afford legal representation and establishing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.
5. Strengthening legal education: The government can invest in legal education programs to ensure that lawyers and judges are adequately trained and equipped to handle legal cases.
6. Embracing technology: The government can invest in technology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the legal system. This can include digitizing court records and establishing online filing and case management systems.

Overall, improving the civil law system in Bangladesh will require a multi-faceted approach that involves the government, legal professionals, civil society, and other stakeholders. Addressing the challenges faced by the system will require sustained effort and commitment to ensuring that justice is accessible to all citizens.

Conclusion